QELJ is committed to maintaining the accuracy and integrity of the scholarly record.

CORRECTIONS

A formal correction may be issued when an error affects the accuracy, interpretation, metadata, authorship, presentation, or scholarly record of an article but does not invalidate the work as a whole.

Corrections are linked to the original article.

RETRACTIONS

An article may be retracted when reliable evidence demonstrates that:

• findings are unreliable because of serious error or misconduct;
• plagiarism has occurred;
• redundant publication has occurred;
• research was conducted unethically;
• data or evidence were fabricated or falsified;
• copyrighted or creative material was seriously misused; or
• another serious integrity concern makes continued reliance on the article inappropriate.

The original article normally remains accessible as part of the scholarly record but is clearly marked as retracted and linked to the retraction notice.

EXPRESSIONS OF CONCERN

An Expression of Concern may be issued when serious questions have been raised about an article but an investigation has not yet reached a reliable conclusion.

METADATA

Relevant article and DOI metadata will be updated when corrections, expressions of concern, or retractions are issued.